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Wiki source code of Explanation

Last modified by Dongxu Lu on 2023/04/13 15:24
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1 ==== OWL file ====
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3 Under development
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5 ====
6 Authors ====
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8 Jasper van der Waa, Frank Kaptein, Mark Neerincx, ...
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10 ====
11 Short description of ontology ====
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13 In this ontology, concepts are described that are related to explanations as implemented in PAL version 3.5 and designed for the next versions. It describes the characteristics of explanations, and the agents involved.
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15 ====
16 Related work ====
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18 Folk psychology, CAAF, human explanations (paper Miller)...
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20 ====
21 Ontology design ====
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23 ======
24 **Ontology development** ======
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26 The ontology is developed iteratively, based on literature and domain analyses (i.e., the domain of self-management of a lifestyle-related chronic disease like diabetes). During the development of the PAL system and related research, the ontology was refined and extended.
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28 ======
29 **Ontology structure** ======
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31 The ontology consists of explanations related to classes, properties and relations.
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33 The following concepts are distinguished
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35 Roles
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37 Student; An entity that has a reason to find information that addresses a certain phenomenon of why it exists or occurred given a certain cause, context, consequences and reasons.
38 Teacher; An entity that has a reason to convey information to address the cause, context, consequences and reasons of a certain phenomenon.
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41 An explanation explains a phenomenon;
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43 Explanation; A statement that introduces a phenomenon that needs to be explained (explanandum) and one or more statements of how or why that phenomenon came to be or is, by conveying its causes, context, consequences and reasons.
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46 Explanations are subjected to interpretation;
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48 Interpretation; An assignment of meaning, which can be subjective (e.g., interpretation of music) or objective (e.g., interpretation of a mathematical function).
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51 An explanation exists out of;
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53 Explanandum; A statement provided through some medium ( e.g., a question) that introduces and describes a phenomenon that needs to be explained.
54 Explanans; One or more statements provided through some medium (e.g., sentences) that are offered to explain a phenomenon or an argument.
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57 A type of explanation;
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59 Contrastive question (CQ); An explanandum that makes an explicit contrast between a perceived or existing phenomenon and a phenomenon that was believed to exist instead or which was equally likely to exist.
60 Contrastive explanation (CE); An explanans that addresses why a certain phenomenon exists as opposed to another phenomenon which was believed to exist or equally likely to exist, in terms of how the causes, context, consequences and/or reasons would need to be different as from the current ones for the phenomenon that was believed to exist to actually exist.
61 BDI+-based explanation: CAAF framework...
62 Belief-based explanations
63 Goal-based explanation (GE): ..
64 Emotion-based explanation (EE): ...
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67 A contrastive question and contrastive explanation address two phenomena are known;
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69 Fact (in a CE context); The stated or caused phenomenon that exists (e.g. an intended decision).
70 Foil (in a CE context); A potential existing phenomenon that is thought to exist or was believed to be equally likely to exist as a fact, but was shown to not exist through a presented fact.
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72
73 **An example of CQ and CE:**
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75 A patient (the student) asks a question regarding a diagnosis (the explanandum) and why it was for T2 Diabetes (the fact), instead of stress (the foil). The doctor (the teacher) states the symptom of low blood pressure and the cause of obesity (two explanans) as two things that cause the diagnoses of Diabetes instead that of stress. The patient believes this explanation to be true (the interpretation) due to the trust it has in its doctor’s expertise.
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78 Here the question is a contrastive one (‘T2 Diabetes’ vs. ‘stress’), and the answer is a contrastive explanation (when ‘stress’ would be true in this specific context).
79 Evaluation and results
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81 This BDI+ types of explanation were implemented and used in the PAL user experiments.