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1 1  == **//Background//** ==
2 2  
3 -A person with dementia, further called the PwD in accordance with our ontology, generally forgets information about their relatives and other close persons in their environment. It has been reported that a PwD can feel anxious when querying their relatives for information and have a sense of overreliance on those around them [1][2] .
3 +A person with dementia, further called the subject in accordance with our ontology, generally forgets information about their relatives and other close persons in their environment. It has been reported that a subject can feel anxious when querying their relatives for information and have a sense of overreliance on those around them (1)(2) .
4 4  
5 -The PwD expresses this reliance through the repetitive need need to ask for information about others in their environment. This burden, as perceived by the PwD themselves, can lead to feelings of disconnectedness, separation, and loneliness.
6 -According to the self-determination theory a PwD benefits from autonomy, connectedness, and competence in order to improve their motivation for engagement with activities [3]. [4] expanded on the connectedness and determined that connectedness is to self, to others, and the environment is important for participating in activities. In others words, in order for the PwD to actively maintain relationships and engage with their relatives through social contact, the three named factors must be stimulated.
5 +(1) [[https:~~/~~/karger.com/dem/article/42/5-6/342/98881/The-Experience-of-Relations-in-Persons-with>>https://karger.com/dem/article/42/5-6/342/98881/The-Experience-of-Relations-in-Persons-with]]
7 7  
7 +(2) "Some people with dementia desired to maintain positive meaningful relationships by receiving support and love from their family, and by being respected for their remaining abilities, their autonomy, and their continued usefulness" Perspectives of People with Dementia About Meaningful Activities: A Synthesis
8 +
9 +The subject expresses this reliance through the repetitive need need to ask for information about others in their environment. This burden, as perceived by the subject themselves, can lead to feelings of disconnectedness, separation, and loneliness.
10 +According to the self-determination theory a subject benefits from autonomy, connectedness, and competence in order to improve their motivation for engagement with activities (3). (4) expanded on the connectedness and determined that connectedness is to self, to others, and the environment is important for participating in activities. In others words, in order for the subject to actively maintain relationships and engage with their relatives through social contact, the three named factors must be stimulated.
11 +
12 +(3) //Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.//
13 +
14 +(4) Areum Han, Jeff Radel, Joan M. McDowd, Dory Sabata (2016). Perspectives of People with Dementia
15 +About Meaningful Activities: A Synthesis
16 +
8 8  == **//Socio-Cognitive Support//** ==
9 9  
10 -The task of increasing autonomy in a PwD can consist of remembering information about relatives without having to prompt the relatives in question. According to Vygotsky [6] interacting with another entity through knowledge exchange contributes to knowledge creation. So in order to realize this task we develop the NAO with the functionality of a personal encyclopedia, containing information on relatives and other loved ones. The PwD is then able to consult this encyclopedia verbally.
11 -This solution requires at least some retention of information, and as the cognition of the PwD depends on the progression of the dementia [5], it will be limited to those with early-stage dementia.
19 +The task of increasing autonomy in a subject can consist of remembering information about relatives without having to prompt the relatives in question. According to Vygotsky (6) interacting with another entity through knowledge exchange contributes to knowledge creation. So in order to realize this task we develop the NAO with the functionality of a personal encyclopedia, containing information on relatives and other loved ones. The subject is then able to consult this encyclopedia verbally.
20 +This solution requires at least some retention of information, and as the cognition of the subject depends on the progression of the dementia (5), it will be limited to those with early-stage dementia.
12 12  
13 -There are some important values to be considered in the development of the above solution. From the basic human values given by Schwartz [7], we can for example take self-direction, as a PwD might want to experience more (intellectual/emotional) freedom, but also security, as the PwD wants to remain in the social order they are used to.
14 -Another principal value is the balance between complete information given by the encyclopedia and the emotional response, both positive and negative, the given information elicits. The Zones of Proximal Development (ZPD) [6], can be extended to provide a guide in establishing this balance.
22 +(5) (//Week 3.1b -PwDcognitonMusic_Schaefer2023, slide 4//)
15 15  
16 -As shown, the ZPD gives a ratio between skill level and content difficulty in which a child can learn from information. If we extend this to a PwD with dementia, we could similarly compare mental state and information completeness. I.e. there is a range of acceptable information to provide to the PwD, given their mental state (eg. dementia progression, emotion level). If we were to supply the PwD with more information than they could handle in small periods of time (dependent on their dementia progression) it could cause the PwD to become frustrated or distressed.
24 +(6) //Vygotsky’s (1896–1934) theory (“an inherent social nature of learning”)//
17 17  
18 -[[image:1709192513768-157.png||data-xwiki-image-style-alignment="start" height="253" width="269"]]
26 +There are some important values to be considered in the development of the above solution. From the basic human values given by Schwartz (7), we can for example take self-direction, as a subject might want to experience more (intellectual/emotional) freedom, but also security, as the subject wants to remain in the social order they are used to.
27 +Another principal value is the balance between complete information given by the encyclopedia and the emotional response, both positive and negative, the given information elicits. The Zones of Proximal Development (ZPD) (8), can be extended to provide a guide in establishing this balance.
19 19  
29 +[[image:1709192513768-157.png||data-xwiki-image-style-alignment="end" height="185" width="197"]]
20 20  
21 -[[image:https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/mSV-GGExlxc9h92340wEAeIRaoF6JlJCAMBBCT36QWDV0qKW4iEGzNPTkIkr-k2pdhnCy9xMqxJy1bkwhqj9VsXhmcwvakUPwtrZKipCoEdZbbD65_OkL5_oxnREmHVtUmFSB3ipMsFub3eB6AMsHys14A=s2048||height="221" width="264"]]
31 +As shown, the ZPD gives a ratio between skill level and content difficulty in which a child can learn from information. If we extend this to a subject with dementia, we could similarly compare mental state and information completeness. I.e. there is a range of acceptable information to provide to the subject, given their mental state (eg. dementia progression, emotion level).
22 22  
23 23  
34 +(7) //Basic Human Values Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 11.//
24 24  
36 +//(//8) ZPD source
25 25  
26 -= **//References//** =
38 +**Questions to answer here: **
27 27  
28 -[1] Eriksen S, Helvik AS, Juvet LK, Skovdahl K, Førsund LH, Grov EK. The Experience of Relations in Persons with Dementia: A Systematic Meta-Synthesis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2016;42(5-6):342-368. doi: 10.1159/000452404. Epub 2016 Nov 19. PMID: 27866199.
40 +* " What tasks and/or values is the human trying to accomplish and how can the technology support the human in doing so? "- xwiki
41 +* How is the subject supported by the robot?
42 +* Which design patterns and theories support this idea?
29 29  
30 -[2] Han A, Radel J, McDowd JM, Sabata D. Perspectives of People with Dementia About Meaningful Activities: A Synthesis. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2016 Mar;31(2):115-23. doi: 10.1177/1533317515598857. PMID: 26340962.
44 +**Short Answer:**
31 31  
32 -[3] //Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.//
46 +With dementia is has been reported that the subject feels like they're a burden on their loved ones. When they constantly have to ask for information they feel dependent. This isolates them and makes them feel lonely. We can help this in the early stages of dementia by providing a personal encyclopedia.
33 33  
34 -[4] Areum Han, Jeff Radel, Joan M. McDowd, Dory Sabata (2016). Perspectives of People with Dementia
35 -About Meaningful Activities: A Synthesis
48 +**Useful theories/design patterns:**
36 36  
37 -[5] (//Week 3.1b -PwDcognitonMusic_Schaefer2023, slide 4//)
50 +* We have to make sure to define 'early' stage well.
51 +//"//Cognition: highly dependent on stage of dementia!//" -// //Week 3.1b -PwDcognitonMusic_Schaefer2023, slide 4//
52 +* We can use the basic human values from Schwartz.
53 +//Basic Human Values Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 11.//
54 +* Autonomy is part of the self-determination theory. And also connectedness (and part of connectedness is to not feel alone, which is also relevant for us).
55 +//Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.//
56 +* Knowledge can be created when persons actively interact by knowledge exchange, sharing experiences, and taking asymmetric (e.g., teaching / learning) roles Rooted in// Vygotsky’s (1896–1934) theory (“an inherent social nature of learning”)//
57 +* Educator's role is to give children experiences that are within their //Zones of Proximal Development ZPD//, thereby advancing their individual learning (this relates to our issue of truth vs upsetting the patient)
38 38  
39 -[6] //Vygotsky’s (1896–1934) theory (“an inherent social nature of learning”)//
40 40  
41 -[7] //Basic Human Values Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 11.//
60 +**Other possibly useful resources:**
61 +
62 +* Areum Han, Jeff Radel, Joan M. McDowd, Dory Sabata (2016). Perspectives of People with Dementia
63 +About Meaningful Activities: A Synthesis
64 +* Lazar, A., Thompson, H., & Demiris, G. (2014). A systematic review of the use of technology for reminiscence therapy. //Health education & behavior//, //41//(1_suppl), 51S-61S.
65 +* Wilson, R. S., Wang, T., Yu, L., Grodstein, F., Bennett, D. A., & Boyle, P. A. (2021). Cognitive activity and onset age of incident alzheimer disease dementia. Neurology, 97(9).
66 +* Chaturvedi, R., Verma, S., Das, R., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2023). Social companionship with artificial intelligence: recent trends and future avenues. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 193, 122634.
67 +* E. Grandmaison and M. Simard, “A Critical Review of Memory Stimulation Programs in Alzheimer’s Disease,” //The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences//, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 130–144, May 2003
68 +
69 +
XWiki.XWikiComments[0]
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1 -xwiki:XWiki.MarkNeerincx
Comment
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1 -Given the target group, learning theory (Vygotski) and Zone of Proximal Development may seem somewhat inappropriate. The principle of scaffolding may apply well, however; which also relates to the figures shown.
Date
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1 -2024-03-18 15:48:53.351