Wiki source code of Test

Version 64.1 by Pietro Piccini on 2022/03/31 19:21

version	line-number	content
32.1	1	= Ideal Evaluation (actual research) =
31.1	2
29.1	3	== Problem statement and research questions ==
	4
8.1	5	This project uses a Social Cognitive Engineering (SCE) approach to guide the design and research process. The SCE method provides a systematic approach to our study of robots for PwDs. The main goal of our application is to improve the well-being of the person with dementia (PwD) and of those living with them.
6.1	6
8.1	7	For the prototype that we have designed now, these are some research questions that we want to address.
	8
29.1	9	1. Are the different stakeholders able to use our prototype smoothly?
36.1	10	1. Does the prototype allow the PwD greater autonomy in their day-to-day life?
29.1	11	1. Does the prototype improve the emotional state of the PwD and their relatives?
28.1	12
29.1	13	== Method ==
1.1	14
36.1	15	As people with dementia have very specific situations (and because our prototype is built to deal with that aspect of customizability), we do not go for an identical experiment for all of them. Instead, the global setup is very similar, although Pepper is customized for the needs of every patient. Our evaluation can therefore be assimilated (with some reserve) to a within-subject evaluation. We also do pre-test and post-test.
29.1	16	Our main evaluation method is summative evaluation: we are trying to determine whether the robot has an impact and improves the frequency of "yes" in our yes-no driving questions.
1.1	17
2.1	18	== Participants ==
1.1	19
36.1	20	The study will be conducted on approximately twenty people in the early stages of dementia. To avoid too much gender imbalance, there will be at least five men and five women. For the same reason, we hope to find at least five people around 50 or younger, although we expect most participants to be over 70 years old.
37.2	21	The participants will be selected based on a pool of PwD who live at home and need regular visits from an HCP. Only the volunteers will be kept for the experiment. The participants must have no experience of a Pepper robot helping with dementia.
	22	As our experiment involves the PwD in their home environment, relatives and healthcare professionals (HCP) will also be involved in the process: although not being the targets of the experiment, they will contribute to obtaining the measurements and results.
1.1	23
2.1	24	== Experimental design ==
1.1	25
36.1	26	Since dementia is unique to every person, it is very hard to conduct a global experiment with the same conditions for all participants. Every one of them may have different issues in their day-to-day life, while also not having the same living conditions (alone, living with husband, family, etc), this would require a different treatment. Furthermore, we want to record whether our prototype leads to an improvement in life quality. This can not be done through a short experiment, because the reliability of such an experiment would be very low.
29.1	27	This means we need to record the patient at home and measure over an extended period of time if their well-being and autonomy globally improved.
	28
2.1	29	== Tasks ==
1.1	30
36.1	31	The PwD will live their daily life, without Pepper in the beginning, then accompanied by Pepper, as if they were not under any experiment. The fact that they actually are will obviously affect their behavior. Yet, we hope that not being recorded and being under a non-invasive experiment will help them not to stress out and may make them live their life as normally as possible.
37.2	32	The tasks performed during the evaluation by Pepper, by the PwD, and by Pepper and the PwD together, will be decided in consultation with the HCP (and potentially the relatives) based on the needs of each patient.
1.1	33
2.1	34	== Measures ==
1.1	35
36.1	36	We are planning to make behavioral and emotional measurements.
37.2	37	Behavioral measurements are the actions that the PwD is going to perform during the week, so it can be considered as subjective quantitative data. This will involve the relatives, the HCP, and the PwD themselves to quantify whether the use of Pepper did actually result in an increase in autonomy for the PwD.
	38	Emotional measurements are more related to the state of mind, change of expression, and mood, so they can be considered as qualitative data. This can be measured by frequent talks with the PwD, either by the relatives or the HCP.
	39	Measures will be done by oral discussions with the PwD, HCP, and relatives.
29.1	40
2.1	41	== Procedure ==
1.1	42
29.1	43	The whole experiment process is 4 weeks long, although only weeks 1 and 4 are technically part of the experiment itself.
37.2	44	During week 1, the PwD, the HCP, and the relatives will be asked to pay increased attention. Behavioral and emotional data will be collected. This is a regular week for the PwD, i.e., in the usual situation, except that there is more attention dedicated to them.
	45	During weeks 2 and 3, the PwD, the HCP, and the relatives will be introduced to Pepper, with the goal of getting used to it.
36.1	46	During week 4, which is the actual week of the experiment, attention will be spent trying to mirror week 1 as closely as possible. Behavioral and emotional data will be collected again.
20.1	47
29.1	48	== Material ==
20.1	49
23.1	50	1. Consent form. To protect the privacy of participants and ensure the evaluation process goes smoothly, we will ask participants to sign a consent form, indicating they are willing to take part in the evaluation and the data gathered from the experiment will be analyzed by researchers.
37.2	51	1. Pepper robot. Our robot is programmed using Choregraphe. The robot will have the same behavior for every participant. However, the input data will be entered by the HCP(and potentially the relatives).
1.1	52
29.1	53	== Results ==
1.1	54
29.1	55	Since each PwD has its own state of dementia and personal issues, it is very difficult to get uniform results, especially since they are collected orally.
36.1	56	Getting very nice, fully robust, and reliable results is merely a hope and a dream.
29.1	57	However, we can try to consider the main trends that we are interested in.
36.1	58	Thus, the results will be mainly focused on:
29.1	59	- How much autonomy did the PwD gain?
37.2	60	→ what did the HCP, relatives, and PwD report
29.1	61	→ how many tasks did they perform that they didn't do previously
	62	→ did the relatives feel they had more time for themselves
	63	- Did their emotional state improve?
	64	→ feelings from the PwD themselves
37.2	65	→ reports from relatives and HCP
29.1	66	These results will most likely never be yes-no results, but more like clues or hints that show whether some things worked on not, which will be the point of our discussion.
36.1	67	NB: This part explains what we expect as a kind of result, it will be replaced by actual results after we perform an experiment with the class. There may also be interesting points we did not think about.
1.1	68
29.1	69	== Discussion ==
1.1	70
29.1	71	* Reliability: Yes. One could replicate the same experiment with other patients.
	72	* Validity: TBD.
	73	* Biases: TBD.
36.1	74	* Scope: No. It would be very difficult to generalize the results since each prototype is built for a special patient. However, if the results conclude that the customized prototypes did improve the well-being of the people, then similar efforts to customize Pepper for more patients should produce similar effects.
29.1	75	* Ecological validity: Yes. Since we compare "without Pepper" (BEFORE) and "with Pepper" (AFTER) in a similar environment (i.e., for everything but Pepper), the results are not dependent on the environment.
1.1	76
29.1	77	== Conclusions ==
31.1	78
	79
	80
33.1	81	= Feasible evaluation (students) =
31.1	82
	83	== Problem statement and research questions ==
	84
	85	This project uses a Social Cognitive Engineering (SCE) approach to guide the design and research process. The SCE method provides a systematic approach to our study of robots for PwDs. The main goal of our application is to improve the well-being of the person with dementia (PwD) and of those living with them.
	86
	87	For the prototype that we have designed now, these are some research questions that we want to address.
	88
	89	1. Are the different stakeholders able to use our prototype smoothly?
35.1	90	1. Does the prototype allow the PwD greater autonomy in their day-to-day life?
31.1	91	1. Does the prototype improve the emotional state of the PwD and their relatives?
	92
43.1	93	Based on these questions and our evaluation setting, we can evaluate some of our claims from our Claim page.
	94
46.1	95	1. CL01: The PwD becomes aware of Pepper's presence.
	96	During the experiment, we can observe if this happens.
	97	1. CL02: The PwD feels understood.
	98	In the questionnaire, there are questions related to this.
	99	1. CL03: The PwD performs an activity step.
	100	We can verify this claim based on how far the participant went in the activity.
	101	1. CL08: The PwD feels accomplished.
	102	After the activity is done, there are two specific questions related to accomplishment.
	103	1. CL10: The PwD feels reassured.
	104	We can evaluate this from observing the participants, and from the affect questionnaire.
	105	1. CL11: The PwD feels content.
	106	There is a question related to this in the questionnaire.
43.1	107
31.1	108	== Method ==
	109
37.1	110	In our situation, we recruit 20 students in our class to simulate the research. Since they are not real PwD, we ask them to act as if they were in home settings and we observe their behavior and expression. These data will also be reviewed after the evaluation to obtain the data and feedback.
31.1	111
42.1	112	==== Questionnaires ====
39.1	113
42.1	114	In order to collect qualitative data, we prepared two questionnaires to give to the participants: the affect assessment questionnaire and the system assessment questionnaire. All questionnaire questions are expressed in the form of statements and the participant can express one out of seven levels of agreement/disagreement from strongly disagree to strongly agree with the only exception being the additional remarks field at the end of the system assessment questionnaire.
38.1	115
42.1	116	Affect assessment
38.1	117
42.1	118	The affect assessment questionnaire asks the participant to describe their mood and feelings experienced during a task. The questionnaire is given two times: once before the experiments and once right after. The purpose of this questionnaire is to compare the feelings experienced by the participant before the interaction with Pepper and after to study how Pepper influences the participant's feelings. The questionnaire has six questions each designed to measure the level of a certain feeling experienced at the moment of filling the questionnaire. The six feelings we take into consideration are evaluated from the following statements:
38.1	119
40.1	120	1. I feel sad
	121	1. I feel content
	122	1. I feel calm
	123	1. I feel tired
	124	1. I feel nervous
	125	1. I feel caring
39.1	126
42.1	127	System assessment
39.1	128
42.1	129	The system assessment questionnaire is given after the interaction with Pepper and its purpose is to assess the participant's experience with Pepper in more detail. The questionnaire has fourteen questions which are designed to answer research questions as described below:
39.1	130
40.1	131	1. I like gardening
	132	1. I think Pepper made the task easier for me.
	133	1. I would have known how to do the whole task without Pepper.
	134	1. Pepper was easy to understand.
	135	1. I enjoyed the task more than if I had had to do it alone.
	136	1. I am pleased that Pepper reminded me to do the activity.
	137	1. I feel like completing the task was a good accomplishment.
	138	1. I feel like I accomplished it myself.
	139	1. I felt in control of what I had to do.
	140	1. I felt annoyed by Pepper.
	141	1. I felt frustrated by the task.
	142	1. I felt pressured by Pepper.
	143	1. Pepper cared about helping me.
	144	1. I would trust Pepper with more important activities.
39.1	145
	146	Research questions:
	147
41.1	148	1. To what extent did Pepper improve the task's experience? [Questions: 2,3,4,5,10,11,12]
	149	1. To what extent did Pepper improve the participant's autonomy and perception of control? [Questions: 6, 8, 9]
40.1	150	1. To what extent did Pepper improve the participant's sense of accomplishment? [Questions: 7]
41.1	151	1. Did the participant perceive Pepper as a social agent? [Questions: 13, 14]
40.1	152	1. How was Pepper's ability to guide the participant through the task? [Questions: 4]
39.1	153
40.1	154	Question 1 is used to take into consideration the expected baseline enjoyment of the task for each participant.
	155
31.1	156	== Participants ==
	157
42.1	158	For this study, we simulate the real research by including 24 students from TU Delft. One third of them were female and two thirds male, so gender balance was decent. The students were not asked to roleplay someone with dementia, but simply to follow the experiment and do the activity.
31.1	159
	160	== Experimental design ==
37.1	161
42.1	162	Since our evaluating process is relatively short, we use within-subject, which means each participant goes through all conditions. In this way, our experiment tends to have more statistical power and less variability. Furthermore, every PwD may have different issues in their day-to-day life, while also not having the same living conditions (alone, living with husband, family, etc), thus would require a different treatment. But in our setting, we use the same setting for every participant.
31.1	163
	164	== Tasks ==
	165
34.1	166	All participants will go through our designed testing process, which includes medication/meal/activity reminder and activity breakdown.
31.1	167
34.1	168	Medication/meal/activity reminder: The robot will remind the patient of daily activities, through which we can see the effectiveness according to their reactions.
	169	Activity breakdown: In this part, the robot will break down some complex tasks into a list of simple tasks and PwDs can follow the steps to accomplish complex tasks.
	170
31.1	171	== Measures ==
	172
	173	We are planning to make behavioural and emotional measurements.
37.2	174	Behavioral measurements are the actions that the PwD is going to perform during the week, so it can be considered as subjective quantitative data. This will involve the relatives, the HCP and the PwD themselves to quantify whether the use of Pepper did actually result in an increase in autonomy for the PwD.
	175	Emotional measurements are more related to state of mind, change of expression and mood, so it can be considered as qualitative data. This can be measured by frequent talks with the PwD, either by the relatives or the HCP.
	176	Measures will be done by oral discussions with the PwD, HCP and relatives.
31.1	177
	178	== Procedure ==
	179
34.1	180	At the start of the evaluation, all participants will be gathered in the same room, together with the researchers and relatives. We will explain the whole evaluation process, provide simple instructions, explain that participation in the evaluations is voluntary, and participants are free to stop the evaluation at any time. Then, we will explain how the gathered data will be analyzed and help us to improve our prototype. All data will be kept private. We will also emphasize that if there is anything the participants dislike, they should let us know. The purpose of the study is to find out what they think of the prototype, and their honesty is greatly appreciated. Then, we will ask them to sign the consent form.
	181	We will simulate a home setting, which is the most common scenario for PwDs. All PwDs are going to complete the evaluation separately.
31.1	182
34.1	183	Our robot will give corresponding prompts. For example, “It’s time to have lunch”, “Medicine time!”, “Today is your birthday. Happy Birthday!”.
	184	We will record the reaction and behavior of participants after they heard the prompts.
	185	To test the activity breakdown function, our robot will choose a relatively complex task to perform, such as making a paper plane, doing some exercise. Our robot will break it down into simple steps.
	186	Record the reactions of participants and evaluate how is the activity accomplished.
	187
31.1	188	== Material ==
	189
	190	1. Consent form. To protect the privacy of participants and ensure the evaluation process goes smoothly, we will ask participants to sign a consent form, indicating they are willing to take part in the evaluation and the data gathered from the experiment will be analyzed by researchers.
37.2	191	1. Pepper robot. Our robot is programmed using Choregraphe. The robot will have the same behaviour for every participant. However, the input data will be entered by the HCP (and potentially the relatives).
31.1	192
	193	== Results ==
	194
54.1	195	[[interactive version>>https://pietro99.github.io/SCE/graphs/mood_questionnaire.html]]
	196	[[image:mood.png]]
31.1	197	Since each PwD has its own state of dementia and personal issues, it is very difficult to get uniform results, especially since they are collected orally.
	198	Getting very nice, fully robust and reliable results, is merely a hope and a dream.
	199	However, we can try to consider the main trends that we are interested in.
	200	Thus, the results wil be mainly focused on:
	201	- How much autonomy did the PwD gain?
37.2	202	→ what did the HCP, relatives and PwD report
31.1	203	→ how many tasks did they perform that they didn't do previously
	204	→ did the relatives feel they had more time for themselves
	205	- Did their emotional state improve?
	206	→ feelings from the PwD themselves
37.2	207	→ reports from relatives and HCP
31.1	208	These results will most likely never be yes-no results, but more like clues or hints that show whether some things worked on not, which will be the point of our discussion.
	209	NB: This part explains what we expect as kind of results, it will be replaced by actual results after we perform an experiment with the class. There may also be interesting points we did not think about.
	210
	211	== Discussion ==
	212
	213	* Reliability: Yes. One could replicate the same experiment with other patients.
	214	* Validity: TBD.
	215	* Biases: TBD.
	216	* Scope: No. It would be very difficult to generalize the results, since each prototype is built for a special patient. However, if the results conclude that the customized prototypes did improve the well-being of the people, then similar effort to customize Pepper for more patients should produce similar effects.
	217	* Ecological validity: Yes. Since we compare "without Pepper" (BEFORE) and "with Pepper" (AFTER) in a similar environment (i.e., for everything but Pepper), the results are not dependent on the environment.
	218
	219	== Conclusions ==