Changes for page Music and Cognition

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Author

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1		-XWiki.PierreBongrand
	1	+XWiki.Mathieu

Content

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1	1	=== Music ===
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3		-= NEED TO ADD KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE LECTURES + REFERENCES=
	3	+= PLEASE ADD sources about claim: music association with task, and claim: music for relaxation + entertainment=
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	5	+In the lecture,the potential effectiveness of music was discussed. Music cognition investigates human musical response and behavior and involves many different functional domains. Therefore, music has a great potential to activate and engage. Moreover, it was mentioned that music is used as a mood-modulator in non-clinical everyday settings. Music could arouse multisensory stimulation which has beneficial effects. Because of the great potential of music for social interaction, communication, or as a joint activity, it can also be used by Pepper to make our robot prototype more functional and powerful.
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5	5	We plan to use music for four main purposes:
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	9	+1. The PwD becomes aware of Pepper's presence.
	10	+Before each activity or reminder, Pepper would play a piece of short music to indicate its location to the PwD and catch their attention.
	11	+1. The PwD uses music to create associations to certain tasks.
	12	+We added a short piece of music before each activity. We are using the same music for all activities now, but we could also set different musics for different activities. In this way, PwDs could build associations with certain activities. Whenever a piece of specific music is played, the PwD would know which activity they are going to do.
	13	+1. The PwD is relaxed.
	14	+Music can help people to relax. It is easy to startle the PwD if Pepper suddenly starts to talk without any prior warning. Therefore, Pepper plays gentle music to relax the PwD. As the PwD becomes aware of Pepper's presence and expects an interaction, they are less likely to get startled. Researchers found that state anxiety, heart rate, and respiratory rate all decreased significantly for those subjects who received a single treatment of music [1]. These findings indicate that music therapy indeed was effective in reducing the pressure and helping people to relax.
	15	+1. The PwD is entertained.
	16	+People are often happy if they listen to some music they like. In our current prototype, we are using the same music for all the activities. But we can customize it according to different activities and to the preferences of the different patients. As the music is customized for the specific tastes of a certain person, it gives greater chances of success.
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8		-1. The PwD becomes aware of Pepper presence.
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	19	+=== Cognition ===
	20	+In the lecture, the professor talked about neural changes and cognitive changes in the brain when people get older. The brain of older people suffers from both structural and functional changes, like cortical thinning/atrophy, decrease in cerebral blood flow, degradation of cells, etc. Things get worse for people with dementia. Therefore, we want to prevent the damage by some interventions. The goals are to prevent “excess disability”, promote functional improvement, and maintain QoL for both the patient and their family.
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11		-2. The PwD uses the music to create associations to certain tasks.
	22	+In the paper, Cognitive stimulation for dementia: A systematic review of the evidence of effectiveness from randomised controlled trials, researchers found that cognitive stimulation consistently improves cognitive function in people with dementia [2]. It also indicates that cognitive stimulation also benefits self-reported well-being and quality of life.
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	24	+In our design, we took activity breakdown as cognitive stimulation. Activities that the PwD enjoys would be added to Pepper. Then Pepper can guide the PwD through the whole process step by step. In this way, PwDs would feel that they still can do something and also stimulate their cognitive ability.
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15		-3. The PwD is relaxed.
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18		-3. The PwD is entertained.
19		-Pepper can play music for the PwD if they ask to.
20		-This can help them release pressure, feel better, and relax. This is part of the emotional support provided by Pepper.
21		-However, music does not act as a placeholder or a replacement for other activities. If the PwD does an activity they enjoy, the relaxing and mood effects can be as strong as those implied by music. For this reason, the main focus is still to allow the person to perform activities thanks to the task breakdown. Music is just an extra feature in that case.
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25		-SHOULD BE DELETED NOT USED ANYMORE:
26		-* Pepper can use music to relax the person when engaging in a potentially conflictual dialog.
27		-//This needs to be based on the expertise of the healthcare professional who follows the patient.//
28		-If the person seems more open to dialog when listening to some calm or relaxing music, then Pepper can be parameterized to play the type of music selected whenever she needs to engage in some potentially conflictual dialog. This is to increase the chances of not hurting the PwD feelings.
29		-Potentially conflictual dialogs can be reminded the person that they forgot to take medicine, or that a mother forgot to cook for her child. In both cases, the person is reminded that they failed to do something important. Therefore, the dialog has to be conducted taking this important fact into account. If the healthcare professional concludes that music can help in that way for a certain patient, then it is an extra tool to use in this case.
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31		-
32		-=== Cognition ===
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34		-Regarding cognition, Pepper can warn the healthcare professional if the cognitive status of a patient deteriorates.
35		-For instance, if the PwD is doing an activity following simple steps explained by Pepper, they can be unable to carry out some of the tasks they used to do easily. The healthcare professional may not notice this, especially if they visit the patient only once a week. However, if Pepper informs them that the patients are having difficulties with some previously easy tasks, then they can handle the situation and potentially adapt the use of Pepper, as well as obviously telling the person to consult a specialist earlier than expected.
	27	+[1] Chlan, L. (1998). Effectiveness of a music therapy intervention on relaxation and anxiety for patients receiving ventilatory assistance. Heart & Lung, 27(3), 169-176. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0147956398900048
	28	+[2] Aguirre, E., Woods, R. T., Spector, A., & Orrell, M. (2013). Cognitive stimulation for dementia: a systematic review of the evidence of effectiveness from randomised controlled trials. Ageing research reviews, 12(1), 253-262. https://www-sciencedirect-com.tudelft.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S1568163712000955?casa_token=w_q3pZzmseAAAAAA:vclGWiDLjDL47H_yEo5DQSpTUqptn2gRsp3Mmg1YbtfJdF6VjyoByCZm8CapIdFbnf-VcRY7xSg