XWiki - Test

= Problem statement and research questions =

People with dementia often forget to eat and drink, leading to dehydration, malnutrition and decreased wellbeing in general. Our prototype engages in discourses to remind PwD to have lunch and drink water, using the Nao robot platform. The discourse aims to reming the PwD without causing any anxiety or embarrassment which a traditional "alarm" system could cause, and keep them company throughout these activities.

4

5

RQ1: "Does the robot cause PwD to eat more regularly?"*

6

RQ2: "Does the robot remind the PwD of their hunger?"

7

RQ3: "Does the music make the eating more enjoyable for the PwD?"

8

RQ4: "Does the PwD experience less negative emotions, such as agitation, sadness, embarrassment, after the interaction with the 'intelligent' robot?"

9

10

'*' This research question is difficult due to the practical limitations in designing the experimental setup and as such is left to lesser importance.

= Method =

The prototype is evaluated with an in-person experiment with multiple participants. In the experiment, the participants will be asked to pretend to be PwD and act accordingly with/without the prototype.

== Participants ==

As there are practical difficulties with conducting the experiment with actual people with dementia due to both time constraints and COVID, our participants' group will consist of peers from other groups and friends, who will act as if they are older people with dementia. We plan to gather around 20 people for our experiments.

19

20

== Experimental design ==

21

22

We will be using a within-subject design. In the experiment all of the participants will interact with both versions of the robot, with half of the participants interacting with the version 1 first and then version 2, and the other half in reverse order, to counter-balance the carryover effects. Snacks will be made available for the participants, in case they're prompted and they're hungry. The participants will be unaware of the possibility of eating snacks, to prevent disturbing the interaction with the robot. Otherwise the subjects could be primed for eating, which would bias the results and hide the effect of the robotic interaction.

== Tasks ==

The participant will have to interact with the robot, which is programmed to engage in a lunch discourse. Two versions will be implemented: the first version will ask basic questions about mealtime, mostly acting as a reminder for the PwD to have lunch (alarm clock). The second will be our original implementation of it with the more sophisticated discourse and music.

== Measures ==

We plan on measuring the effectiveness of the discourse, both physically and emotionally. Our quantitative measure is whether the person ate the lunch they were supposed to have eaten, and the qualitative measure is the emotions that the PwD experienced before, during, and after the interaction. The qualitative measures will be recorded with a simple questionnaire. Depending on the time of the experiments, we assume that people might also not be hungry enough to be prompted to have something to eat, which might disturb the results. We do plan however to measure whether the robot will remind someone of their hunger and have them eat.

== Procedure ==

* Welcome Participants and explain what they are going to be doing.

35

* Have them sign the permission form.

36

* Participants complete a questionnaire(A) regarding their emotional state (control).

37

* Have version A of interaction with the robot.

38

* Complete questionnaire(extended version).

39

* Have a short interview during downtime (prepared questions).

40

* Have version B of interaction with the robot.

41

* Complete questionnaire(extended version).

42

* Have a short interview during downtime (prepared questions).

== Material ==

For the experiments, we'll be using the NAO robot platform, as well as a laptop for the participants to complete the questionnaires on. The questionnaire will be a combination of questions regarding the emotional state of the participants, their interaction with the robot, and the music included in the interaction. Food will be made available to see and measure how much people will eat.

47

48

Questionnaires:

49

Consent Form and Disclaimers

50

8 questions from the [[EVEA>>https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/39-2013-04-19-EVEA%20-%20Datasheet.pdf]] questionnaire

51

4 questions from the [[Godspeed>>https://www.bartneck.de/2008/03/11/the-godspeed-questionnaire-series/]] questionnaire

52

3 food-related questions of our own (5-point Likert scale)

53

2 music-related questions of our own (5-point Likert scale)

== Practicalities ==

Beforehand:

* Do a practice round by ourselves

60

** Film this

61

* Contact other groups and decide on a time slot

62

** Might be better to reserve in 10 min slots, so that people don't have to wait so much

63

** If possible, this could be done in parallel with another groups testing

* Reserve lab

* Buy snacks

During:

1. Give starting questionnare to fill while people are waiting for the previous participant

70

2. Guide the participant to the testing spot

71

3. Inform the participant where the snacks are

72

4. Run the first version

73

5. Give the mid-questionnare

74

6. Run the other test

75

7. Conduct the questionnare for the participant

76

8. Give the participant the end-questionnare

77

78

Other practicalities during:

79

80

* We will use the "Wizard of Oz" method for recognizing agreement and disagreement, to make sure that the whole process does not depend on voice recegnition being good enough

81

** Someone will press eg. "y" and "n" on the keyboard according to the participants answers

82

* We will change the order in which the smart and basic versions are for each participant

83

** this way if someone doesn't show up, we don't get skewed amounts

After:

* Analyze results

= Results =

The results were gathered from 19 personnel, all of whom interacted first with one version of the robot and then the other. 10 of the participants interacted first with the simple version, nine having their first interaction with the advanced version.

== Eating ==

(% style="text-align:center" %)

100

Figure 1: Results on the eating of the test personas during the experiment

Simple robot:

* 16% ate

* 33% of those would not have eaten without the robot

Advanced robot:

* 32% ate

* 67% of those would not have eaten without the robot

== Music ==

(% style="text-align:center" %)

120

Figure 4: Answers of the test personas regarding music

== EVEA (Mood) ==

(% style="text-align:center" %)

130

Figure 2: Median measured moods for the simple version of the robot

(% style="text-align:center" %)

137

Figure 3: Median measured moods for the advanced version of the robot

138

139

(% style="text-align:center" %)

140

Table 1: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the hypothesis that the mood changed during the interaction with the simple robot

|Statistic|37|5|4|14

|P-value|0.54|0.01|0.01|0.45

145

146

(% style="text-align:center" %)

147

Table 2: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the mood changed during the interaction with the advanced robot

148

149

150

|Statistic|32|11|2|17

151

|P-value|0.18|0.01|0.01|0.45

152

153

(% style="text-align:center" %)

154

Table 3: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the mood decreased during the interaction with the simple robot

155

156

|=Mood|=Anxiety|=Sadness|=Anger

157

|Statistic|81|53|29

158

|P-value|0.01|0.00|0.23

159

160

(% style="text-align:center" %)

161

Table 4: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the mood decreased during the interaction with the advanced robot

162

163

|=Mood|=Anxiety|=Sadness|=Anger

164

|Statistic|32|149|52

165

|P-value|0.00|0.01|0.07

166

167

(% style="text-align:center" %)

168

Table 5: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the mood increased during the interaction with the simple robot

|=Mood|=Happiness

|Statistic|37

|P-value|0.27

(% style="text-align:center" %)

175

Table 6: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the mood increased during the interaction with the advanced robot

|=Mood|=Happiness

|Statistic|32

|P-value|0.09

== Godspeed ==

(% style="text-align:center" %)

188

Figure 5: Answers to the statement 'I thought the robot was friendly'

(% style="text-align:center" %)

195

Figure 6: Answers to the statement 'I thought the robot was pleasant'

(% style="text-align:center" %)

202

Figure 7: Median measured Godspeed questionnaire dimensions

203

204

205

(% style="text-align:center" %)

206

Table 7: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the advanced robot scored higher in the perceived dimensions

207

208

|=Dimension|=Likeability|=Intelligence

|Statistic|36|70

|P-value|0.01|0.17

= Conclusions =

From the results we can see that the more advanced robot shows advantages over the simple version in many categories. Hints of better performance in other categories can be seen, but no conclusions should be drawn from the ones that lack the statistical significance.

215

216

In improving the eating, it seems that both robots have limited success in causing the people to eat as seen in Figure 1, they could cause the patients to eat more regularly, if triggered by timers or other suitable systems. It also seems that the advanced robot is better in the reminding, by a slight margin. However, the long term effects of reminding should be researched more to conclude whether the usage of the demonstrated robot platform or similar would cause the patients to eat more regularly. It is also unclear how the test setup and the limited choice of food affected the eating.

= Discussion =

= Appendix =

== Experiment introduction for participants ==

Hi, we are <NAME> and <NAME> from the TU Delft Socio-Cognitive Engeering course Group 1, thank you for participating in our prototype evaluation experiment. The experiment is being conducted as a part of the TU Delft course on Socio-Cognitive Engineering and aims to evaluate the prototype designed as a part of the course. The evaluated prototype is based on the Nao robot-platform and is intended to improve the wellbeing of people suffering of dementia.

231

232

Consuming food and/or water can be a consequence of the interaction between you and the robot. Therefore, we would like to ask you if you have any allergies. If you have a form of Diabetes, please let us know before we start the first part of the experiment. You are strongly encouraged to share any other health conditions that can possibly be relevant to take into account when doing an experiment with robots and food with us.

233

234

The link between the stimuli of the Nao-robot and the triggering of epileptic seizures is yet unknown. If you have ever experienced epileptic seizures, please let us know. Then, we could see if any special precautions are needed.

235

236

The experiment will last for approximately 15-20 minutes, and consists of two interaction sections with the Nao robot, as well as questionnaires before, between and after the sections. We kindly ask you to act naturally during the experiment and fill the questionnaires truthfully and intuitively. Remember that we are evaluating the prototypes performance, not yours. You can stop the experiment at any time.

237

238

We will be collecting data of the questionnaires and recording some experiments, do you agree with your experiment being recorded? All data excluding the recordings will be anonymised before analysis and storage. The recordings will not be shared with third parties. After the experiment you have the right to ask for information about the collected data and revoke the right to use it. We kindly ask you not to share any information about the experiment with other participants.

239

 Do you have any questions?

240

241

== After research interview ==

242

243

Setup:

244

The test subject has finished both parts of the experiment. Before leaving the test conductor(s) sit down with them and ask the following questions in a discussion about the experiment. Discussion can flow freely, but the following topics should be discussed.

245

246

Topics:

247

- Emotions before / during / after the interaction with the robot

248

- Agitation due to the robot suggesting eating

249

- Effect of music on the general feeling of the situation

250

- Feeling of company during eating

251