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Last modified by Sofia Kostakonti on 2022/04/05 14:08
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edited by Sofia Kostakonti
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on 2022/04/01 14:49
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1 -XWiki.SKostakonti
1 +XWiki.VSaikkonen
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1 1  = Problem statement and research questions =
2 2  
3 -People with dementia often forget to eat and drink, leading to dehydration and decreased well-being. We attempt to engage in discourses to remind PwD to have lunch and drink water, without causing any anxiety or embarrassment, and keep them company throughout these activities.
3 +People with dementia often forget to eat and drink, leading to dehydration, malnutrition and decreased wellbeing in general. Our prototype engages in discourses to remind PwD to have lunch and drink water, using the Nao robot platform. The discourse aims to reming the PwD without causing any anxiety or embarrassment which a traditional "alarm" system could cause, and keep them company throughout these activities.
4 4  
5 -RQ1: "Does the robot cause PwD to eat more regularly?"
6 -RQ2: "Does the PwD experience less negative emotions, such as agitation, sadness, embarrassment, after the interaction with the 'intelligent' robot?"
5 +RQ1: "Does the robot cause PwD to eat more regularly?"*
6 +RQ2: "Does the robot remind the PwD of their hunger?"
7 +RQ3: "Does the music make the eating more enjoyable for the PwD?"
8 +RQ4: "Does the PwD experience less negative emotions, such as agitation, sadness, embarrassment, after the interaction with the 'intelligent' robot?"
7 7  
10 +'*' This research question is difficult due to the practical limitations in designing the experimental setup and as such is left to lesser importance.
11 +
8 8  = Method =
9 9  
10 -We are going to do an in-person experiment with multiple participants. Participants will be asked to pretend to be PwD and act like it.
14 +The prototype is evaluated with an in-person experiment with multiple participants. In the experiment, the participants will be asked to pretend to be PwD and act accordingly with/without the prototype.
11 11  
12 12  == Participants ==
13 13  
14 -Since it is difficult to get access to actual people with dementia, due to both time constraints and COVID, our participants' group will consist of peers from other groups and friends, who will act as if they are older people with dementia. We plan to gather around 20 people.
18 +As there are practical difficulties with conducting the experiment with actual people with dementia due to both time constraints and COVID, our participants' group will consist of peers from other groups and friends, who will act as if they are older people with dementia. We plan to gather around 20 people for our experiments.
15 15  
16 16  == Experimental design ==
17 17  
18 -We'll be using the within-subject design. All of the participants will interact with both versions of the robot, 10 of them with version 1 first and then version 2 and the rest the reverse, to counter-balance the carryover effects.
22 +We will be using a within-subject design. In the experiment all of the participants will interact with both versions of the robot, with half of the participants interacting with the version 1 first and then version 2, and the other half in reverse order, to counter-balance the carryover effects. Snacks will be made available for the participants, in case they're prompted and they're hungry. The participants will be unaware of the possibility of eating snacks, to prevent disturbing the interaction with the robot. Otherwise the subjects could be primed for eating, which would bias the results and hide the effect of the robotic interaction.
19 19  
20 20  == Tasks ==
21 21  
22 -The participant will have to interact with the robot programmed to have a lunch discourse.
26 +The participant will have to interact with the robot, which is programmed to engage in a lunch discourse. Two versions will be implemented: the first version will ask basic questions about mealtime, mostly acting as a reminder for the PwD to have lunch (alarm clock). The second will be our original implementation of it with the more sophisticated discourse and music.
23 23  
24 24  == Measures ==
25 25  
26 -We plan on measuring the effectiveness of the discourse, both physically and emotionally. Our quantitative measure is whether the person had the lunch they were supposed to have, and the qualitative measure is the emotions that the PwD experienced before, during, and after the interaction.
30 +We plan on measuring the effectiveness of the discourse, both physically and emotionally. Our quantitative measure is whether the person ate the lunch they were supposed to have eaten, and the qualitative measure is the emotions that the PwD experienced before, during, and after the interaction. The qualitative measures will be recorded with a simple questionnaire. Depending on the time of the experiments, we assume that people might also not be hungry enough to be prompted to have something to eat, which might disturb the results. We do plan however to measure whether the robot will remind someone of their hunger and have them eat.
27 27  
28 28  == Procedure ==
29 29  
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39 39  
40 40  == Material ==
41 41  
42 -For the experiments, we'll be using the NAO robot, as well as a laptop for the participants to complete the questionnaires on. The questionnaire will be a combination of questions regarding the emotional state of the participants, their interaction with the robot, and the music included in the interaction.
46 +For the experiments, we'll be using the NAO robot platform, as well as a laptop for the participants to complete the questionnaires on. The questionnaire will be a combination of questions regarding the emotional state of the participants, their interaction with the robot, and the music included in the interaction. Food will be made available to see and measure how much people will eat.
43 43  
48 +Questionnaires:
49 +Consent Form and Disclaimers
50 +8 questions from the [[EVEA>>https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/39-2013-04-19-EVEA%20-%20Datasheet.pdf]] questionnaire
51 +4 questions from the [[Godspeed>>https://www.bartneck.de/2008/03/11/the-godspeed-questionnaire-series/]] questionnaire
52 +3 food-related questions of our own (5-point Likert scale)
53 +2 music-related questions of our own (5-point Likert scale)
44 44  
55 +== Practicalities ==
45 45  
57 +Beforehand:
58 +
59 +* Do a practice round by ourselves
60 +** Film this
61 +* Contact other groups and decide on a time slot
62 +** Might be better to reserve in 10 min slots, so that people don't have to wait so much
63 +** If possible, this could be done in parallel with another groups testing
64 +* Reserve lab
65 +* Buy snacks
66 +
67 +During:
68 +
69 +1. Give starting questionnare to fill while people are waiting for the previous participant
70 +2. Guide the participant to the testing spot
71 +3. Inform the participant where the snacks are
72 +4. Run the first version
73 +5. Give the mid-questionnare
74 +6. Run the other test
75 +7. Conduct the questionnare for the participant
76 +8. Give the participant the end-questionnare
77 +
78 +Other practicalities during:
79 +
80 +* We will use the "Wizard of Oz" method for recognizing agreement and disagreement, to make sure that the whole process does not depend on voice recegnition being good enough
81 +** Someone will press eg. "y" and "n" on the keyboard according to the participants answers
82 +* We will change the order in which the smart and basic versions are for each participant
83 +** this way if someone doesn't show up, we don't get skewed amounts
84 +
85 +After:
86 +
87 +* Analyze results
88 +
46 46  = Results =
47 47  
91 +The results were gathered from 19 personnel, all of whom interacted first with one version of the robot and then the other. 10 of the participants interacted first with the simple version, nine having their first interaction with the advanced version.
48 48  
93 +== Eating ==
49 49  
50 -= Discussion =
95 +{{html}}
96 +<img src="https://xwiki.ewi.tudelft.nl/xwiki/wiki/sce2022group01/download/Test/WebHome/EatingComp.png?rev=1.1" alt="Results on the eating of the test personas" style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width=750/>
97 +{{/html}}
51 51  
99 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
100 +Figure: Results on the eating of the test personas during the experiment
52 52  
102 +|=Version|=Did not eat|=Ate|=Would not have eaten without the robot|\\
103 +|Simple|16|3|1
104 +|Advanced|13|6|4
53 53  
106 +Simple robot:
107 +
108 +* 16% ate
109 +* 33% of those would not have eaten without the robot
110 +
111 +Advanced robot:
112 +
113 +* 32% ate
114 +* 67% of those would not have eaten without the robot
115 +
116 +== EVEA (Mood) ==
117 +
118 +{{html}}
119 +<img src="https://xwiki.ewi.tudelft.nl/xwiki/wiki/sce2022group01/download/Test/WebHome/MoodChangeDumb.png?rev=1.1" alt="Measured moods and changes for the simple robot" style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width=750/>
120 +{{/html}}
121 +
122 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
123 +Figure: Median measured moods for the simple version of the robot
124 +
125 +{{html}}
126 +<img src="https://xwiki.ewi.tudelft.nl/xwiki/wiki/sce2022group01/download/Test/WebHome/MoodChangeSmart.png?rev=1.1" alt="Measured moods and changes for the advanced version of the robot" style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width=750/>
127 +{{/html}}
128 +
129 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
130 +Figure: Median measured moods for the advanced version of the robot
131 +
132 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
133 +Table: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the hypothesis that the mood changed during the interaction with the simple robot
134 +
135 +|=Mood|=Happiness|=Anxiety|=Sadness|=Anger
136 +|Statistic|37|5|4|14
137 +|P-value|0.54|0.01|0.01|0.45
138 +
139 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
140 +Table: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the mood changed during the interaction with the advanced robot
141 +
142 +|=Mood|=Happiness|=Anxiety|=Sadness|=Anger
143 +|Statistic|32|11|2|17
144 +|P-value|0.18|0.01|0.01|0.45
145 +
146 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
147 +Table: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the mood decreased during the interaction with the simple robot
148 +
149 +|=Mood|=Anxiety|=Sadness|=Anger
150 +|Statistic|81|53|29
151 +|P-value|0.01|0.00|0.23
152 +
153 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
154 +Table: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the mood decreased during the interaction with the advanced robot
155 +
156 +|=Mood|=Anxiety|=Sadness|=Anger
157 +|Statistic|32|149|52
158 +|P-value|0.00|0.01|0.07
159 +
160 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
161 +Table: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the mood increased during the interaction with the simple robot
162 +
163 +|=Mood|=Happiness
164 +|Statistic|37
165 +|P-value|0.27
166 +
167 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
168 +Table: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the mood increased during the interaction with the advanced robot
169 +
170 +|=Mood|=Happiness
171 +|Statistic|32
172 +|P-value|0.09
173 +
174 +== Music ==
175 +
176 +{{html}}
177 +<img src="https://xwiki.ewi.tudelft.nl/xwiki/wiki/sce2022group01/download/Test/WebHome/MusicEnjoyable.png?rev=1.1" alt="Effects of music on the test personnel" style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width=1250/>
178 +{{/html}}
179 +
180 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
181 +Figure: Answers of the test personas regarding music
182 +
183 +== Godspeed ==
184 +
185 +{{html}}
186 +<img src="https://xwiki.ewi.tudelft.nl/xwiki/wiki/sce2022group01/download/Test/WebHome/friendly-hist.png?rev=1.1" alt="Effects of music on the test personnel" style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width=750/>
187 +{{/html}}
188 +
189 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
190 +Figure: Answers to the statement 'I thought the robot was friendly'
191 +
192 +{{html}}
193 +<img src="https://xwiki.ewi.tudelft.nl/xwiki/wiki/sce2022group01/download/Test/WebHome/pleasant-hist.png?rev=1.1" alt="Answers to the statement 'I thought the robot was pleasant'." style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width=750/>
194 +{{/html}}
195 +
196 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
197 +Figure: Answers to the statement 'I thought the robot was pleasant'
198 +
199 +{{html}}
200 +<img src="https://xwiki.ewi.tudelft.nl/xwiki/wiki/sce2022group01/download/Test/WebHome/godspeed-barchart.png?rev=1.1" alt="Godspeed questionnaire median comparison'." style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" width=750/>
201 +{{/html}}
202 +
203 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
204 +Figure: Median measured Godspeed questionnaire dimensions
205 +
206 +|=Dimension|=Likeability|=Intelligence
207 +|Statistic|36|70
208 +|P-value|0.01|0.17
209 +
210 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
211 +Table: Wilcoxon signed rank test results for the null hypothesis that the advanced robot scored higher in the perceived dimensions
212 +
54 54  = Conclusions =
214 +
215 +From the results we can see that the more advanced robot
216 +
217 +
218 += Discussion =
219 +
220 +
221 +
222 += Appendix =
223 +
224 +== Experiment introduction for participants ==
225 +
226 +
227 +
228 +Hi, we are <NAME> and <NAME> from the TU Delft Socio-Cognitive Engeering course Group 1, thank you for participating in our prototype evaluation experiment. The experiment is being conducted as a part of the TU Delft course on Socio-Cognitive Engineering and aims to evaluate the prototype designed as a part of the course. The evaluated prototype is based on the Nao robot-platform and is intended to improve the wellbeing of people suffering of dementia.
229 +
230 +Consuming food and/or water can be a consequence of the interaction between you and the robot. Therefore, we would like to ask you if you have any allergies. If you have a form of Diabetes, please let us know before we start the first part of the experiment. You are strongly encouraged to share any other health conditions that can possibly be relevant to take into account when doing an experiment with robots and food with us.
231 +
232 +The link between the stimuli of the Nao-robot and the triggering of epileptic seizures is yet unknown. If you have ever experienced epileptic seizures, please let us know. Then, we could see if any special precautions are needed.
233 +
234 +The experiment will last for approximately 15-20 minutes, and consists of two interaction sections with the Nao robot, as well as questionnaires before, between and after the sections. We kindly ask you to act naturally during the experiment and fill the questionnaires truthfully and intuitively. Remember that we are evaluating the prototypes performance, not yours. You can stop the experiment at any time.
235 +
236 +We will be collecting data of the questionnaires and recording some experiments, do you agree with your experiment being recorded? All data excluding the recordings will be anonymised before analysis and storage. The recordings will not be shared with third parties. After the experiment you have the right to ask for information about the collected data and revoke the right to use it. We kindly ask you not to share any information about the experiment with other participants.
237 +
Do you have any questions?
238 +
239 +== After research interview ==
240 +
241 +Setup:
242 +The test subject has finished both parts of the experiment. Before leaving the test conductor(s) sit down with them and ask the following questions in a discussion about the experiment. Discussion can flow freely, but the following topics should be discussed.
243 +
244 +Topics:
245 +- Emotions before / during / after the interaction with the robot
246 + - Agitation due to the robot suggesting eating
247 + - Effect of music on the general feeling of the situation
248 + - Feeling of company during eating
249 +- Effectiveness of eating/drinking suggestions
250 +
251 +Questions:
252 +- Did you eat or drink anything during the experiment?
253 +- Were you feeling hungry/thirsty beforehand and did the discourse change this?
254 +- On a scale of 1-10, how likely would you have eaten/drank without the robot suggesting it?
255 +- What did the interaction with the robot feel like?
256 + - With the more intelligent version?
257 + - With the less intelligent version?
258 +- What did you feel like when the robot suggested you should eat/drink?
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